1
2
  -2022
  

[Ot.(i):   7  ]
(     )
 :    : 80
:    ,             
         
-
1.    :
()      
()        
()           ?
()       
2.               

-
3.               
2
2
4.                
        
-
5.   :
()        ?
() - 
()      
()   
       
6.               
 
-
7.              
8.      ?          
      ?     
3
2
  -2022
  

[Ot.(i):   7  ]
(     )
 :    : 80
:    ,             
         
-
1.    :
()      
()        
()          ?
()       
:()      
  :
                  ,
                     
                   

  :
1.     :        
    ,     ,     
             
4
2
        ,        
 
2.   :           
          ,     
         ,    
3.     :   ,  ,   ,  
         ,  ,  
              
4.     -      
        ,       
   
5.   :  ,         
     ,       
                
()        
  :
  , ""              
    ,  ""  "",   , "    "
         , :
1.  :     (, " ")   
2.  :       (  , " ").
3.  :         (  , "
")
     :
1.   :              
             ,  
  
2.   :  (        )    
               
     
5
2
3.  :          
  ,          
    
4.    : ,       
             
5.    :         
        ,     -
       
()      
   :
         -     , " "
             
 ,            
  , " "         ,  
        
      :
          -     
     ,         
:
1.  :   -   -    
  , ""       ,    
        , ""     
 ,        
2.      :           
  ,  ""      ,    ,
           , ""    
   ,       
3.   :           
    ,             
         
4.             
                 
  ,            
6
2
()       
 :
              
                  
              
:
:
o  1:   .
o  2  
o :,  
    :
1.       ,        
   
2.          , 
       
3.        ,    
    ,        
4.      ,       
        
 :
 ,            
               
  
:
o  1:            
o  2:   
o ,      
    :
1. :             
   ,             
7
2
2. :          
         
3.   :          ,
              
  
4.    : ,        
                
          
  

 
 
 

  
  

   
    

  ( -) 
  
 ,   

   

    
  

                
              ,  
      ,          
                
8
2
2.               

:   :   
                 
           ,       
                 
 , ,            
  ,         ,   
   
                 
      :
1.   :           
  ,       :
=
       ,       ,  
  ,  "A"       ,  "A"   
  
2.   :            
       ,  "A"  ,  " A" ( "A  ")
     ,       :
A¬A=A \ \ A = \text{}A¬A=
  ,      "   ",        
 "    "
3.             ,    
        :
A¬A=A \lor \neg A = \text{}A¬A=
                 , " 
 "        ;   
     ;          ,   
,      
9
2
     ?
    ""              
          :
1.  :             
         ,      ,
    
2.   :           
           ,   
         
3.                
                
   ,           ,    
    
4.  :       ,   
         ,     
             
5.    :       -    
        ,      
             
   
          :
1.   ,            
              
       
2.  : ,           ,
                
      
3.     ,         ,
             
         
4.   :  ,        
               
      
10
2
5.   :  ,          
   ,     ,     
       
  
     ,         :
1.   :           , 
              
            ,     
  
2. -  :  ,     
,             
                

3.    :        -  
              
   ,             
                 
   

               
  ,              
                
 ,     ,        
            
         ,  , ,  
                 
          ,      
    
11
2
-
3.               
:          
   ,      ,     : 
               
,      
1.   ?
                   , 
          :
 :"  "
 :"   "
   :
     
 :             (T)     
(F),       
  :   ,    
  :
1.   (A): " A, B "
"   "
2.   (E): " A, B  "
:"     "
3.   (I): " A, B "
"   "
4.   (O): " A, B  "
:"    "
2.   
                 
                ,  
                
    
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2
    :
      ,         :
A:  A, B 
___________
| |
| E:  A, B  
|___________|
| |
| I: A, B 
|___________|
| |
|O: A, B  
  :
1. :
o  A  O   A  ,  O   ,  

o  E  I    E  ,  I   ,  

2. :
o  A  E           ,   
     A  ,  E   ,   E  ,  A
  
3. :
o     (A  E)  ,      (I  O)
 
o   ,  "   " (A)  ,  "   " (I)
    ,      ,   
     
13
2
4. :
o  I  O          ,  
     I  ,  O        , 
 
3.      
                 
 
 1:  
 A  ,  O 
 E  ,  I 
          ,       , 
    
 2:  
 A  ,  E 
 E  ,  A 
A  E         ,       
 3: 
 A  ,  I  
 E  ,  O 
        ,       
 
 4: 
I  O     
             
4.       
            , ,   
                :
14
2
A.  
         ,      
 2   ” (A)            2 
 ” (I)
.  
              ,
                  
     
.  
              " 
    " (A)            
  "          " (I)
5 
 ,              
          ,         
           ,     
       ,          
4.                
        
:   
                  
      ,    , " A    B  ,  C  
 "
1.   :
o            
o              
2. :
15
2
o  1:   .
o  2  
o :,  
             
 
           :
   ()      
         
      :
 :      .
 :         
    
   
     (        ,    
)             
 
      :
1. :
o   A, B 
o   C, A 
o :,  C, B
2. :
o  :      
o  :  
o :,       
3.     :
o       (  )   
      :
16
2
 A, B ,  C, A ,   C, B
  A, B  ,  C, A ,    C, B  
: A, B , C, A ,  C, B 
: A, B  , C, A ,  C, B 
: A, B ,  C, A  ,   C, B 
: A, B , C, A ,  C, B 
: A, B , C, A ,  C, B 
 
        :
1. :
o  : A, B
o   C, A 
o :,   C, B  
2. :
o  :    
o     
o :,       
3.
   :
o
       :
  A, B  ,  C, A ,    C, B  
 A, B ,  C, A  ,   C, B 
: A, B , C, A ,  C, B  
 A, B  , C, A ,  C, B 
   
            :
17
2
1.  :
o                
              
2.           :
o         ,       
 
3.    :
o      (''  ''    ),   
   ,     ,   
  
4.  :
o             
       ,     , 
                
 
           :
:       
:            
 :         
            

 ,               
                 
    ,               
      
               
 ,        ,         
      ,         
           
18
2
-
5.   :
()        ?
() - 
()      
()   
       
:   
                  
      ,    , " A    B  ,  C  
 "
1.   :
o            
o              
2. :
o  1  
o  2:   .
o ,  
             
 
           :
   ()      
         
      :
       
 :         
    
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2
   
     (        ,    
)             
 
      :
1. :
o  : A, B
o   C, A 
o :,  C, B
2. :
o       
o    
o :,       
3.     :
o       (  )   
      :
 A, B ,  C, A ,   C, B
:  A, B  ,  C, A ,    C, B  
: A, B , C, A ,  C, B 
 A, B  , C, A ,  C, B 
: A, B ,  C, A  ,   C, B 
: A, B , C, A ,  C, B 
 A, B , C, A ,  C, B 
 
        :
1. :
o  : A, B
o  : C, A
20
2
o :,   C, B  
2. :
o       
o     
o :,       
3.
   :
o
       :
  A, B  ,  C, A ,    C, B  
 A, B ,  C, A  ,   C, B 
: A, B , C, A ,  C, B  
 A, B  , C, A ,  C, B 
   
            :
1.  :
o                
              
2.           :
o         ,       
 
3.    :
o      (''  ''    ),   
   ,     ,   
  
4.  :
o             
       ,     , 
                
 
           :
21
2
       
:            
 :         
            

 ,               
                 
    ,               
      
               
 ,        ,         
      ,         
           
6.               
 
:   !         ,   
             
,                
     ,        
   
  (1724-1804)        ,  ( 
)             
                 
                 
   
             ,    
                 ,
22
2
      ,             
           
    
1.          ,      
            
2.  :             
       
      
,     
3. :  ,            
                

4. :  ,          ,   "
"           ,     
 
 
               
                
,          :
1.  
              ( )
    ,           
       ,    : "       
  ?"    ,       
:             ,   
               
 ,          ,    
  
2.       
   ,        ,        
  ,        
  :              
  
23
2
:              (,  
      ),           
      ,     
3.   
                 
 ,            
                
  -              

:        ,      
              
   
               
   :
1.  :             
            ,  
       
2.           ,  
               
        
3.      ,         
                , 
    
4.  :         ,   
  (    )    ,    
 
   
        ,        
  :
1.                
              
  ,        ,       
   
24
2
2.               
              
           
3.   :           
      ,       
 

    ,          
          ,     
   ,              

               
  ,             
              , 
  ,                

         ,        
                   
                
  ,          ,    
      
  
           ,    
:
1.         :    
            
2.               
          
3.         ,  
   ,            
 
4.  :        , 
              
25
2
-
7.              
:     : 

               
              
,                  
   ,          ,  
             
1.   
         :
 :        -    
,        
             
     ,          
(  , )
           ,  
   
 :           
         ,    
2.     
         -  :
.    
            ,        
           ,      
                 
      ,         
.     
                 ,
         ;  ,    
26
2
                
,            
.   
    "  "        ,  
        -        
      ,     ,   
               
     
.  
            ,     
                 
                
           
3.    
         :
     :,       
-             ,
        ,     
     
             
     ,        
               

     ,       
           
      ,         
          
4.       
          ,     
              
         ,      
     ,    :
27
2
           
  ,            
  
          
   ,        
5.   
  

             
 :
        -  ,  ,
     ,     -    
  ,               
            
  : 2002          
           ,  
            
6. 
          ,   ,  
   -          ,
          -,   ,
                
                  
              

8.      ?          
      ?     
:    
            ,  
               
                
,                
     :
28
2
1. :           
             
             
  
2.            
            
               
                 
       
3.   :           
       ,      
              
4. :          , 
             
,             
5.        ,      
             
         ,       
  
6.         , , 
             
      
7.                 
                
    ,          
             
8.  :           
 ,              
             

            ,    
                
  ,     ,         

29
2
         ?
               
        ,         
                 
1.     :         
             
                ,
,       ,       
            ,     
                
  
2.      :       
            
                
     ,  ,     
         
3.           , 
,             
                 
           ,    
         ,     
  
4.     :       
  , ,            
              , 
               
  
5.       ,    
                 
             , 
             ,
          
6.      :    , 
              ,
             
               , 
              
30
2
                

7.    :       
     ,           
   ,           
              
               
 
:         
                
             :
1.      ,     
              
  
               
        ,      
  -           

2.    ,         
              
         ,       
           ,     
    
3.    :        
      ,        
             , 
               
       
4.     :,       
 ,              
                
,                
5.    :          ,  
      ,   ,   
                
          
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2
6.      ,        
            
                 
  

     ,        
 , ,         
                ,
            ,  
              ,   
           
               - 
  ,         ,      
   
:             (  )     
         ,              